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Reproductive success
Reproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes. This is not solely the number of offspring produced by an individual, but also, as Ronald Fisher outlined in 1915
the probable reproductive success of those offspring, making mate choice (a form of sexual selection) an important factor in this success, making biological fitness a key element in the theories of natural selection and evolution.
== Nutritional contribution ==
Factors like nutrition contribute to factors that influence reproductive success. These include different amounts of consumption and more specific carbohydrate to protein ratios. In some cases, the amounts or ratios of intake are more influential during certain stages of the lifespan. For example, in the Mexican fruit fly, male protein intake is critical only at eclosion. Intake at this time provides longer lasting reproductive ability. After this developmental stage, protein intake will have no effect and is not necessary for reproductive success.〔Harwood JF, Chen K, Liedo P, Muller HG, Wang JL, Morice AE, Carey JR, (2015). Female access and diet affect insemination success, senescence, and the cost of reproduction in male Mexican fruit flies Anastrepha ludens. of Entomology, University of California, Physiological Entomology, 40(1):65-71.〕 In addition, Ceratitis capitata males were experimented on to see how protein influence during the larval stage affects mating success. Males were fed either a high protein diet, which consisted of 6.5g/100mL, or a no protein diet during the larval stage. Males that were fed protein had more copulations than those that weren’t fed protein, which ultimately correlates with a higher mating success.〔Joachim-Bravo, Iara Sordi, Anjos, Cyntia Santiago, & Costa, Anne Moreira. (2009). The role of protein in the sexual behaviour of males of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): mating success, copula duration and number of copulations. Zoologia (Curitiba), 26(3), 407-412.〕 Protein-deprived black blow fly males have been seen to exhibit lower numbers of oriented mounts and inseminate fewer females than more lively fed males.〔Stoffolano, J. G., Tobin, E. N., Wilson, J., and Yin, C.-M. (1995). Diet affects insemination and sexual activity in male Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88: 240-246.〕 In still other instances, prey deprivation or an inadequate diet has been shown to lead to a partial or complete halt in male mating activity.〔Foster, W. A. (1967). Hormone mediated nutritional control of sexual behaviour in male dung flies. Science 125: 331-336.Bartell, R. J., Shorey, H. H., and Barton Browne, L. (1969). Pheromonal stimulation of the sexual activity of males of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Calliphoridae) by the female. Anim. Behav. 17: 576-585.〕 Copulation time lasted longer for sugar-fed males than protein-fed flies, showing that carbohydrates were more necessary for a longer copulation duration.〔Yuval, B.; K. Levy; R. Kaspi; P. Taylor; & T. Shelly. (2007). Breakfast of champions or kiss of death? Survival and sexual performance of protein-fed, sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).〕
In mammals, amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and fats are seen to influence reproductive success. This was evaluated among 28 female black bears evaluated by measuring the number of cubs born. Using different foods during the fall including corn, herbaceous, red oak, beech, and cherry, nutritional facts of protein, carbohydrate, and fat were noted, as each varied in percent compositions. Seventy-percent of the bears who had high fat and high carbohydrate diets produced cubs. Conversely, all 10 females who had low carbohydrate diets did not reproduce cubs, deeming carbohydrates a critical factor for reproductive success where fat was not a hindrance.〔Elowe and Dodge, 1989. K.D. Elowe, W.D. Dodge. Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival. J. Wildl. Mgmt., 53, pp. 962–968.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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